Character Design in Video Games: Visual Recognition through Gestalt
and Archetype Theory
El diseño de personajes en videojuegos: reconocimiento visual desde la
Gestalt y los arquetipos
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Reyes Rodriguez, Joseph Israel
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|
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0009-0005-6905-5514
|
|
|
Universidad Politécnica Salesiana
jreyesr7@est.ups.edu.ec
|
|
Calupiña Feijoó, Paola Alexandra
|
|
|
Universidad Politécnica Salesiana
pcalupina@ups.edu.ec
|
|
Coloma Barragán, César Omar
|
|
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0000-0002-3420-7961
|
|
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Universidad Politécnica Salesiana
ccoloma@ups.edu.ec
|
Abstract:
This
research
aims
to
analyze
the
cognitive
principles
underlying
the
visual
recognition
of
characters
in
video
games.
A
theoretical-analytical
approach
is
adopted,
integrating cognitive psychology, Gestalt theory,
and
Jungian
archetype
theory
to
examine
how
character
design
facilitates
rapid
cognitive
processing
through
formal
simplification,
contour reinforcement, and the incorporation of
archetypal
symbols.
The
findings
show
that
morphological
elements
constitute
the
core
of
identity
recognition,
while
color
serves
a
complementary
function
oriented
toward
attentional
regulation
and
emotional
induction.
Based on the analysis of cases such as Pac-Man,
Team Fortress 2, and Overwatch, it is concluded
that the cognitive efficacy of character design lies
in the application of basic geometric shapes and
the
strategic
insertion
of
archetypal
markers,
mechanisms that are modulated by video game
genre
and
perspective
conditions.
The
results
provide an operative theoretical framework for
character design practice in the industry.
Keywords:
perceptual organization principles,
visual working memory, archetypal symbols,
character identifiability, video game visual
design.
Resumen:
La presente investigación tiene como
objetivo
analizar
los
principios
cognitivos
que
subyacen al reconocimiento visual de personajes
en
videojuegos.
Se
adopta un
enfoque
teórico-
analítico que integra la psicología cognitiva, la
teoría de la Gestalt y la teoría de los arquetipos
junguianos
para
examinar
cómo
el
diseño
de
personajes
facilita
el
procesamiento
cognitivo
rápido
mediante
la
simplificación
formal,
el
reforzamiento del contorno y la incorporación de
símbolos arquetípicos. Los hallazgos evidencian
que
los
elementos
morfológicos
constituyen
el
núcleo del reconocimiento de identidad, mientras
que el color cumple una función complementaria
orientada
a
la
regulación
atencional
y
la
inducción
emocional.
A
partir
del
análisis
de
casos
como
Pac-Man,
Team
Fortress
2
y
Overwatch, se concluye que la eficacia cognitiva
del diseño de personajes reside en la aplicación
de formas geométricas básicas y en la inserción
estratégica
de
marcadores
arquetípicos,
mecanismos que se encuentran modulados por el
género
del
videojuego
y
las
condiciones
de
perspectiva.
Los
resultados
proporcionan
un
marco
teórico
operativo
para
la
práctica
del
diseño de personajes en la industria.
Palabras clave:
principios de organización
perceptual, memoria visual de trabajo, símbolos
arquetípicos, identificabilidad del personaje,
diseño visual de videojuegos.
Vol. 2 Núm. 1 (2025) - pp.23-33
Multidisciplinary Journal
Ciencia Kawsay
Revista Ciencia Kawsay | Vol. 02 | Núm. 01 | enero - junio | 2025
Citation: Reyes Rodriguez, J. I., Calupiña Feijoó, P. A.,
and
Coloma
Barragán,
C.
O.
(2025).
Character
Design in Video Games: Visual Recognition through
Gestalt and Archetype Theory.
Ciencia Kawsay, 2
(1),
23-33.
Received: 31/03/2025
Accepted: 31/05/2025
Published: 06/06/2025
INTRODUCTION
Video
games
have
established
themselves
as
an
artistic
form
characteristic
of
contemporaneity, in which character design plays a mediating role between the player and
the
virtual
world.
The
character
not
only
operates
as
a
narrative
vehicle
but
also
constitutes
a
source
of
visual
stimuli
subjected
to
cognitive
encoding
and
retrieval
processes. Recent research indicates that character recognition and memorization depend
on perceptual organization and simplification mechanisms, which are directly linked to
the principles of Gestalt theory (Doma
et al.,
2024) . However, existing literature has
privileged technical analysis or aesthetic evaluation of design, relegating the systematic
examination of the cognitive processes underlying character identifiability to a secondary
position.
In
the
contemporary
industry,
commercial
failures
derived
from
deficient
design
decisions
are
increasingly
frequent.
The
case
of
the
shooter
video
game
Concord,
published by Sony, is particularly illustrative: its servers were shut down eleven days after
commercial launch, and community criticism repeatedly identified the lack of appeal and
personality of its characters as one of the contributing factors (Scullion, 2024) . Hiroki
Totoki, president of Sony, stated that the company was still in a learning process regarding
new intellectual properties and acknowledged the need to incorporate user evaluation
mechanisms at earlier stages of development (Scullion, 2024) . This episode suggests that
gameplay mechanics, narrative, and content may become subordinated to the impact of
character design when the latter fails to activate the player's perceptual mechanisms.
Based on the foregoing, this research poses the following central question: what visual
elements determine the recognition efficiency of characters in video games? Likewise, it
inquires how the principles of Gestalt theory and Jungian archetype theory operate jointly
in the process of character cognition. The study pursues a single objective: to analyze the
cognitive principles underlying the visual recognition of characters in video games and
the elements that constitute it. This objective articulates the construction of the theoretical
framework, the case analysis, and the derivation of conclusions, ensuring the internal
coherence of the article.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This
research
adopts
a
theoretical-analytical
approach
that
employs
cognitive
psychology
and
Gestalt
theory
as
analytical
frameworks
to
examine
recognition
mechanisms in video game character design. Representative character cases were selected
as units of analysis, following criteria that include their iconic status in video game history
or industrial practice, the typicality and analyzability of their design elements, and the
public availability of materials documenting their conception process.
The case analysis procedure was structured in four phases. First, the basic geometric
components
of
each
character
were
identified
(circle,
triangle,
square,
and
their
derivations). Subsequently, the application of Gestalt organization principles in contour
24
Journal Ciencia Kawsay | Vol. 02 | Núm. 01 | enero – junio
design
was
examined.
Then,
the
function
of
archetypal
markers
in
the
semantic
transmission of the character was analyzed. Finally, the contribution of each element to
recognition efficiency was evaluated in an integrated manner. It should be noted that the
theoretical-analytical
nature
of
the
study
implies
that
the
findings
hold
the
status
of
propositions
derived
from
theory
and
secondary
evidence,
and
not
of
conclusions
validated through primary experimentation (Waddell
et al.
, 2022) .
In order to validate the validity of the theoretical analysis, Pac-Man and the cast of
Team Fortress 2 were selected as contrasting cases. Pac-Man represents the paradigm of
minimalist geometric composition design, while Team Fortress 2 embodies the strategy
of systematic application of archetypal markers. Both cases are complementary in terms
of complexity and design logic, which allows for revealing both the common principles
and the contextual variations of character recognition. Complementarily, Overwatch was
incorporated as a third contemporary contrast case, selected for its belonging to the first-
person shooter genre and for its condition as a recent production that allows for examining
the validity of the identified principles in a current design context (Supandi
et al.,
2017).
This selection responds to the need to verify whether the proposed cognitive mechanisms
operate consistently in differentiated perspective and gameplay rhythm configurations.
2.1 Terminological Note
In order to guarantee the conceptual precision of the analysis, the core terms employed
in this research are operatively defined. Visual working memory is understood as the
cognitive
subsystem
responsible
for
the
temporary
maintenance
and
manipulation
of
visual information in the absence of the corresponding stimulus, whose limited capacity
conditions the efficiency of complex stimulus processing (Malhotra
et al
., 2022). The
identificative anchor is defined as the minimum set of morphological features whose
alteration compromises the perceptual continuity of the character, operating as a stable
core of visual identity Malhotra. Archetypal markers designate the visual symbols that
activate pre-existing representations in the player's memory, allowing for the immediate
semantic transmission of the character's function and traits (Dorado Campayo, 2024).
RESULTS
Geometric Composition and Foundations of Recognition
The
analysis
of
the
character
Pac-Man
reveals
the
fundamental
function
of
basic
geometric
composition
in
character
recognition.
Said
character
is
composed
of
two
circles,
corresponding
to
the
body
and
the
eye,
and
a
triangle
that
forms
the
mouth
opening,
as
observed
in
Figure
1.
Its
visual
complexity
is
extremely
reduced,
and
nevertheless, it has achieved broad and cross-cultural recognition. This case supports the
central
thesis
of
the
simplicity
principle:
the
mind
processes
simple
forms
with
significantly higher efficiency than complex forms (Van Geert
et al.,
2023) . From the
perspective of cognitive load, minimalist geometric composition reduces the demand for
visual information encoding, which allows for accelerated recognition and memorization.
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Journal Ciencia Kawsay | Vol. 02 | Núm. 01 | enero – junio
Figure 1. Pac-Man character
However,
geometric
simplification
alone
does
not
guarantee
effective
character
recognition. The cognition that the player develops regarding Pac-Man is not limited to
the formal description of a yellow circle but is articulated with the functional meaning of
devourer. This implies that recognition efficiency depends on the balance between formal
simplification and semantic transmission. Excessive simplification can lead to the loss of
identificative features, while formal complexification increases cognitive load (Liu
et al.,
2024) . Evidence suggests that the concept of identificative anchor holds operative value
in character design, insofar as it identifies the minimum set of features whose preservation
guarantees the perceptual continuity of the character (Malhotra
et al.,
2022) . The visual
representation of the simplicity law, presented in Figure 2, illustrates this principle applied
to the formal reduction of complex objects.
Figure 2. Visual representation of the law of simplicity in Gestalt theory
Contour as the Core of Recognition
Contour
recognition
constitutes
the
most
critical
phase
of
the
character's
visual
cognitive
processing.
Studies
show
that
players
can
accurately
identify
a
character's
identity based exclusively on its silhouette, without chromatic or textural information
(Voimala, 2023) . This capacity is closely linked to the joint action of the closure and
continuity
principles,
through
which
the
perceptual
system
completes
minor
contour
absences and follows its continuity to form a complete shape representation. In this way,
the
contour
operates
as
the
primary
support
on
which
the
other
design
elements
are
articulated.
The character design of Team Fortress 2 illustrates a systematic strategy of contour
differentiation.
The
nine
characters
present
marked
distinctions
in
body
proportions,
postural features, and equipment silhouettes: the broad and massive contour of the heavy
26
Journal Ciencia Kawsay | Vol. 02 | Núm. 01 | enero – junio
characters,
the
slender
contour
of
the
Scout,
the
elongated
contour
of
the
Sniper's
equipment, among others. All of them respond to the need for instantaneous recognition
in
dynamic
combat
environments.
From
the
perspective
of
cognitive
processing,
this
contour
differentiation
strategy
reduces
the
player's
recognition
threshold
in
dynamic
situations, allowing the judgment of the character's function to be completed in minimal
time
intervals.
Evidence
suggests
that
contour
differentiation
constitutes
a
necessary
condition for recognition efficacy in contexts of high attentional demand (Lukashova-
Sanz
et al.,
2021) .
The comparative analysis with Overwatch reveals the modulating effect of video game
genre on contour design strategies. In League of Legends, belonging to the MOBA genre,
the
top-down
perspective
makes
the
global
shape
of
the
contour
constitute
the
main
recognition criterion, while detailed features are invisible from the game angle, which
shifts the design focus toward the singularity of the global silhouette. In Overwatch,
belonging to the first-person shooter genre, the variable perspective and complex combat
environment require chromatic and luminosity contrast to play a greater role in immediate
recognition,
consistent
with
evidence
that
colour
and
luminance
contrasts
are
strong
predictors of stimulus detection in visually complex environments (White
et al.,
2017) .
These findings indicate that, although the cognitive mechanisms of character recognition
share
a
common
base
across
genres,
their
specific
manifestations
require
adaptation
according to the perspective and rhythm of the game.
The
principles
of
grouping,
constancy,
symmetry,
and
continuity,
represented
in
Figures 3, 4, 5, and 7, respectively, allow for understanding the perceptual organization
underlying
the
reading
of
the
character's
contour.
Likewise,
the
closure
principle,
illustrated in Figure 6, explains the player's capacity to reconstruct the entirety of the
character from incomplete contours.
Figure 3. Visual representation of the law of grouping in Gestalt theory
Figure 4. Visual representation of the law of constancy in Gestalt theory
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Journal Ciencia Kawsay | Vol. 02 | Núm. 01 | enero – junio
Figure 5. Visual representation of the law of symmetry in Gestalt theory
Figure 6. Visual representation of the law of closure in Gestalt theory
Figure 7. Visual representation of the law of continuity in Gestalt theory
Semantic Function of Archetypal Markers
The
central
function
of
archetypal
markers
in
character
design
consists
of
communicating the character's functional position and characterological orientation with
minimal cognitive cost. The analysis of the Team Fortress 2 cast shows that the design of
each character incorporates explicit functional markers: the Medic's first-aid cross, the
Engineer's wrench and work attire, the Soldier's bullet symbol, as observed in figure 8
and
9.
These
markers
activate
the
player's
pre-existing
cognition
regarding
the
corresponding
archetypes,
so
that
the
judgment
of
the
character's
function
does
not
require textual explanations or tutorial instructions. The Jungian theory of the collective
unconscious
provides
the
conceptual
foundation
for
understanding
this
efficacy:
archetypes operate as innate images with symbolic value that, when activated by visual
design, elicit immediate cognitive and emotional responses (Dorado Campayo, 2024) .
Figure 8. Medic and Soldier characters from Team Fortress 2
Note: Short film Expiration Date, Cook y Walker (2014)
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Journal Ciencia Kawsay | Vol. 02 | Núm. 01 | enero – junio
Figure 9. Engineer character from Team Fortress 2
Note: Valve (2007)
The use of archetypes follows a principle of efficiency. Compared to building character
recognition
through
narrative
development
or
behavioral
display,
the
insertion
of
archetypal markers allows semantic transmission to be completed at first visual contact.
This advantage is especially critical in competitive games, since the player must quickly
evaluate
the
opponent's
function
and
threat
level.
From
the
perspective
of
cognitive
psychology, archetypal markers operate as cognitive shortcuts that compress complex
information about social roles into visual units susceptible to immediate interpretation
(Giuliana, 2022) . Consequently, their efficacy depends on the correspondence between
the symbol employed and the archetype pre-existing in the player's memory. The law of
experience, represented in Figure 10, cognitively grounds this association mechanism
between visual stimuli and prior representations.
Figure 10. Visual representation of the law of experience in Gestalt theory
However, the efficacy of archetypal markers is
modulated by cultural context and
player experience. Differences in the cultural background of the player community can
affect the interpretation of specific symbols (Campos
et al.,
2019) . Likewise, excessive
dependence
on
archetypes
can
lead
to
homogenization
of
character
design,
which
undermines the visual identifiability of the video game. Therefore, the
application of
archetypes requires a balance between communicative efficiency and design singularity,
so that semantic transmission is achieved without sacrificing the distinctiveness of the
character.
Function of Color in Recognition
The
function
of
color
in
character
recognition
requires
precise
delimitation.
The
analysis indicates that color primarily fulfills a function of emotional induction and visual
attention
regulation,
rather
than
serving
as
the
identity
foundation
of
the
character.
29
Journal Ciencia Kawsay | Vol. 02 | Núm. 01 | enero – junio
Empirical
evidence
shows
that,
when
contour
features
remain
constant,
chromatic
variation exerts a limited influence on recognition accuracy (Reppa
et al.
, 2020) . This
finding is consistent with the explanation of the simplicity principle: color constitutes an
informative dimension susceptible to simplified processing by the perceptual system, and
its cognitive weight is inferior to that of morphological structure.
The emotional mobilization function of color holds relevant value in character design.
The contrast between warm and cool ranges allows for reinforcing faction distinction,
while
luminosity
contrast
increases
the
character's
visual
prominence
in
complex
backgrounds (Peña
et al
., 2019) . Likewise, the interaction between color and form merits
attention: the combination of rounded forms with soft colors tends to produce perceptual
impressions of safety and sympathy, while the association of angular forms with dark
ranges tends to elicit sensations of threat (Acevedo, 2023) . These associations, however,
hold a propositional character and require further experimental validation for empirical
confirmation.
From
the
perspective
of
design
practice,
chromatic
strategy
must
be
subordinated to the principle of contour recognition priority. Under conditions of limited
resources,
ensuring
sufficient
contour
differentiation
precedes
detailed
chromatic
regulation, since the processing of morphological information precedes the integration of
chromatic information, and contour recognition failure cannot be compensated through
chromatic optimization. The figure-ground law, represented in Figure 11, explains the
perceptual separation between the character and its environment based on established
limits and contrasts.
Figure 11. Visual representation of the figure-ground law in Gestalt theory.
However, the efficacy of archetypal markers is
modulated by cultural context and
player experience. Differences in the cultural background of the player community can
affect the interpretation of specific symbols (Campos
et al.
, 2019) . Likewise, excessive
dependence
on
archetypes
can
lead
to
homogenization
of
character
design,
which
undermines the visual identifiability of the video game. Therefore, the
application of
archetypes requires a balance between communicative efficiency and design singularity,
so that semantic transmission is achieved without sacrificing the distinctiveness of the
character.
Limitations of the Study
The
interpretation
of
the
findings
presented
requires
considering
the
limitations
derived from the adopted methodological design. First, the theoretical-analytical nature
of the study restricts the strength of causal inferences, since the proposed relationships
between morphological, chromatic, and recognition variables are derived from theoretical
30
Journal Ciencia Kawsay | Vol. 02 | Núm. 01 | enero – junio
articulation and secondary evidence, and not from controlled experimental manipulation
(Waddell
et
al
.,
2022)
.
Second,
the
case
selection,
although
justified
by
criteria
of
representativeness and contrast, does not exhaust the diversity of genres, platforms, and
design
traditions
present
in
the
industry.
Third,
the
empirical
evidence
available
on
character recognition presents methodological variations that hinder direct comparison
between
studies. These
limitations
do
not
invalidate
the
derived
propositions
but
do
delimit their scope and point to the need for further experimental validation.
CONCLUSIONS
This research examined the recognition mechanisms in video game character design
from the perspective of cognitive psychology. The findings allow for sustaining that the
cognitive
efficiency
of
character
recognition
is
grounded
in
morphological
structure,
since the simplicity and closure principles of Gestalt theory operate jointly in the formal
processing of the character. Consequently, basic geometric composition constitutes the
perceptual anchor that enables rapid recognition, while archetypal markers assume the
function
of
semantic
transmission
by
compressing
the
character's
functional
and
characterological information into cognitive units susceptible to immediate interpretation.
Contour differentiation constitutes the core of the recognition strategy. The analysis
shows that the stable preservation of nuclear morphological features is a prior condition
for maintaining the character's identity, while chromatic variation and detail adjustment
hold
a
margin
of
operation
subordinated
to
identificative
continuity.
Likewise,
it
is
established that video game genre and perspective conditions exert a modulating effect
on
the
specific
manifestations
of
the
recognition
strategy:
the
top-down
perspective
reinforces the importance of the global contour, while the rapid first-person perspective
places chromatic contrast at the forefront of perceptual processing.
The
conclusions
presented
hold
direct
implications
for
design
practice,
whose
hierarchization is established according to the level of available support. At the highest
level of support, it is determined that character design must prioritize the efficacy of
morphological
recognition,
optimizing
color
and
detail
once
sufficient
contour
differentiation is ensured. At an intermediate level of support, it is established that the use
of
archetypal
markers
must
attend
to
both
communicative
efficiency
and
cultural
adaptability,
avoiding
excessive
abstraction
or
cultural
specificity
that
may
hinder
recognition. Finally, at a propositional level, the convenience is raised for future studies
to employ experimental methods to verify the independent effects of morphological and
chromatic variables on recognition efficiency, as well as to examine the modulating effect
of player experience level and the cultural limits of archetypal marker cognition.
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